"A naturally occurring substance that has a definite chemical composition"
Characteristics:
- Unevenly distributed
- Exhaustible over time
- inverse relation to quality and quantity
Concentrated in particular areas/rocks
- Igneous & metamorphic rocks
- Sedimentary rocks
- Residual mass of weathered material containing ores
- alluvial deposits
- oceanic waters
Types of minerals
1.Metallic - Conduct heat & electricity with characteristic lustre
- Ferrous - with iron content
- Non Ferrous - no iron content
2.Non metallic
- Salt
Why they are so varied?
- Because physical & chemical conditions influences their formation
How they can be extracted ?
- Mining
- Drilling
- Querying
Distribution of key natural resources
Iron ore
World:
1.Asia
- China
- India - largest reserves in asia
2.Europe - Leading producers
- North Sweden
- Russia
- Ukraine
- France
3.North america
- Canadian region - North of great lakes
4.South america
- Brazil - Largest deposit of high grade iron ore
India:
1.Magnetite -Finest iron ore with 70% iron
2.Hematite - 50%-60% iron
The below states, accounts for 95% ores present in their soil.
- Odisha - Highest production
- Jharkhand
- Chattisgarh
- Madhya pradesh
- AP
- Telangana
- Goa
- Maharastra
- Karnataka
Industrial Belts :
1.Odisha-Jharkhand belt
- High Grade hematite ores
2.Durg-Bastar- Chandipur belt
- Chattisgarh & Maharastra
- High grade hematite
3.Ballari - Chitradurg- Chikmangalur-Tamakaru belt
- Karnataka
- Here,Kudremukh Mines -100% Exports -one of the largest deposits in the world
Copper
- For making electric motors ,wires etc
- Mixes with gold to prove strength
India:
- Critically deficit in reserves & production of copper
Leading producers:
- Balagat mines - Madhya pradesh
- Khetri mines - Rajasthan
- Singhbhum District - Jharkhand
Minor Producers :
- Agni gundala - AP[Guntur]
- Chitradurg & Hasan - Karnataka
- South Arcot - TN
Nuclear Energy Reserves
Uranium & thorium
- Jharkhand
- Aravali Range of Rajasthan
1.Uranium Deposits -Asoociated Dharwar Rock System
- Singhbhum Copper belt
- Udaypur
- Alwar District of Rajasthan
- Durg District of Chattisgarh
- Balandur district of Maharastra
- kullu district of Himachal Pradesh
2.Thorium Deposoits
Two types
- Monazite
- ilment
-Both types, Present at Beach Sands of kerala & TN
Monazite,Worlds Largest deposits presents at
- Palakkal & kovalam districts - kerala
- Visakapatnam, & Mahanadi river deltas -AP
Important Nuclear Power Projects in India
- Tarapur - Maharastra
- Rawatbhata - Kota,Rajasthan
- Kalpakkam - TN
- Narora - UP
- Kaiga - Karnataka
- Kakarapara - Gujarat
Coal
- Weight losing material
- Used for power generation
Found in various forms . Depending on,
- Degrees of comparison
- Depth
- Time of burial
Types:
1.Bituminous coal
2.Metallurgical Coal : High Grade Bituminous coal
3.Lignite :Low Grade Brown Coal
4.Anthracite : Highest Quality hard coal
India:
Bituminous coal /Gondwana Coal :
- Buried Deep
- 80% of coal
- Metallurgical Coal
- Formed during GONDWANA period
Where,
1.Damodhar Valley - WB & Jharkhand
- Jharia - largest Coal field
- Ranigans
2.Godavari , mahanadi, son & wardha valleys
According to states,
- AP - pandur
- Chattisgarh - Korba
- MP - Singrauli
- Odisha - Rampur & Talcher
- Telangana - Singareni
Tertiary Coal:
Large Deposits
- Meghalaya
- Assam
- Arunachal pradesh
- Nagaland
Lignite:
- Neyvali in TN
Petroleum & Mineral Oil
- Crude oil Occurs in sedimentary rocks
- Antiques- Oil trapped in the crust of uphold
- Fault traps - Found in Porus & Non porus rocks
India:
1.Mumbai High (Coast)
- 63% production
2.Gujarat
- 18% production
- Ankalywae [Most Important field]
3.Assam
- Oldest producing state of india
- Digboi - Only region producing petrol - Upto 1956 ,But after ONGC Scenario changed
- Naharkatiya
- Moran-Hugrijan
Solar Energy
1.Photovolaitic cells
- Converted through these cells
2.Solar thermal technology
- Cost Effective
- Environment friendly
- 7% more effective ,than coal/oil based plants
- 10% effective then nuclear plants
India:
- Western parts of india had got potential
- Rajasthan & Gujarat
Geo-Thermal Energy
Method:1
- By using heat from interior of the earth
- Increased depth -increased hotness-High temperature
- Ground water absorbs heat & becomes hot.
- when it raises to earth surface -turns into stream
- This steam is used to run turbines & generate electricity
Method 2:
- Magma comes and reaches surface
- Tremendous heat releases
- This can be converted to electricity
India:
- Geo thermal plant - Manikarna [Himachal pradesh ]
Two projects,
- Parvati valley - Manikarna [Himachal pradesh ]
- puga valley - ladakh [J& K]
Wind Energy
- Pollution free
- inexhaustible
- Kinetic energy to electricity by using Local winds,mansoons,land and sea breezes
India:
- Largest wind farm cluster - Nagarcoil to madurai
Other states:
- AP
- Karnataka
- Gujarat
- kerala
- maharashtra
- lakshadweep
India has an ambitious programme
- To install 250 wind driven turbines
- with total capacity of 45 mega watts
- Reduces oil import bill
Tidal energy
- Flood gate dams built across inlets
- During high tides, water flows and gets trapped
- Releases back ,through power generating turbines
India,
- West coast - Large tidal waves
Mainly,
- Gulf of khambat - Gujarat
- Gulf of kutch - Gujarat
- Gangetic Delta - sundarbans- WB
India has great potential for the development of tidal energy along the coast ,but so far these are not yet been utilised.
Related:
Related: